Ford Pauses $3.5 bln Battery Plant in Michigan - Why? UAW Or EV Bottom Line Or CCP Connections?
 |
LEARN MORE: MIT Explains: How did China come to dominate the world of electric cars?
LEARN MORE: The Auto Channel Electrified Powered Vehicle Library
LEARN MORE: Hybrid Power Library (1995-Present)
Dearborn MI Sept 25, 2023; David Shepardson reporting for Reuters wrote that Ford Motor (F.N) said on Monday it has paused work on a $3.5 billion electric vehicle battery plant in Michigan, citing concerns about its ability to competitively operate the plant at a time when it remains locked in broader contract negotiations.
United Auto Workers (UAW) President Shawn Fain blasted Ford, saying the announcement was "a shameful, barely-veiled threat by Ford to cut jobs.... We are simply asking for a just transition to electric vehicles and Ford is instead doubling down on their race to the bottom."
Ford has repeatedly raised its offer to the union in contract talks without securing a deal, while the fate of battery plant workers has remained a key issue in negotiations with the Detroit Three.
"We are pausing work and limiting spending on construction on the Marshall project until we're confident about our ability to competitively operate the plant," Ford said on Monday, declining to say what specific reason triggered the decision but adding there were a number of considerations. "We haven't made any final decision about the planned investment there."
President Joe Biden on Tuesday is set to visit Michigan to join a UAW picket line in support of striking workers at the Detroit Three automakers.
Ford in February announced plans to build the plant in Michigan, betting that making the batteries in the United States would help it and Chinese partner CATL (300750.SZ) attract U.S. customers to embrace a lower-cost technology pioneered in China.
Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer said: "Ford has been clear that this is a pause, and we will continue to push for successful negotiations between the Big 3 and UAW so that Michiganders can get back to work doing what they do best."
The UAW and some in Congress want automakers to pay workers at battery plants the same higher wages that workers at assembly and engine plants receive.
Republicans in Congress have been probing Ford's battery plant plan over concerns it could facilitate the flow of U.S. tax subsidies to China and leave Ford dependent on Chinese technology.
Representative Mike Gallagher, the Republican chair of a House select committee on China, said lawmakers were "encouraged to see Ford take a crucial first step to reevaluate its deal" with CATL. "Now, Ford needs to call off this deal for good," he added.
Ford in July forecast a full-year loss of $4.5 billion on its EV unit - 50% higher than projected earlier this year - and said it was slowing its EV production ramp up. Ford also has said it plans to quadruple sales of gas electric hybrids over the next five years.
The industry is watching how new rules around future EV tax credits will be implemented as automakers make investment decisions on producing batteries for the transition to EVs.
In 2022, Congress passed the $430 billion Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), which will bar $7,500 in future consumer EV tax credits if any battery components are manufactured or assembled by a "foreign entity of concern."
Ford has been awaiting guidance to determine if batteries operated by the Marshall plant would run afoul of the requirements.
It had urged the Treasury to take a narrow view of the restriction, warning that "an overly expansive interpretation of this provision risks ... making the clean vehicle credit largely unavailable."
Some Michigan Republicans have questioned the $1.7 billion in planned state incentives for the Marshall plant that Ford has said is expected to employ 2,500 workers.
Reporting by David Shepardson; Editing by Nick Zieminski, Deepa Babington and Jamie Freed
CATL and Ford announce Global Strategic Cooperation to promote EVs worldwide
 |
CATL and Ford agree to pursue a Global Strategic Cooperation covering battery supply in North America, Europe and China
• The two companies intend to jointly explore new business opportunities worldwide to promote global EVs
• As part of separate agreements, CATL will supply lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery packs for Ford’s North American Mustang Mach-Es next year and North American F-150 Lightning in early 2024, creating even more capacity for high-demand products customers want
NINGDE, China -- Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (“CATL”) and Ford Motor Company ("Ford") today announced a non-binding MOU outlining Global Strategic Cooperation including supplying batteries in China, Europe and North America.
Under separate agreements, CATL also will provide full LFP battery packs for North American Mustang Mach-E models starting next year as well as North American F-150 Lightnings in early 2024. Powered by CATL’s LFP battery system, which features long battery life and thermal stability, the above-mentioned Ford models will offer outstanding performance in temperature adaptability.
CTP is a technology that directly integrates cells into packs, enabling the pack to improve system energy density, simplify manufacturing and lower cost. Ford’s EV architecture flexibility allows efficient incorporation of CATL’s prismatic CTP (cell-to-pack) technology, delivering incremental capacity quickly to scale and meet customer demand.
The two companies plan to leverage their respective strengths to jointly explore new business opportunities worldwide. In addition to supplying LFP-based CTP batteries to Ford, CATL intends to actively cooperate with Ford with respect to other battery technologies.
The elevated global strategic cooperation aims to open up new opportunities for both companies to create a sustainable business and promote EVs, contributing to global carbon neutrality goals.
US Congress Letter to Ford on Chinese Battery Partnership
 |
WASHINGTON, DC – In February, Ford announced a partnership with Chinese Communist Party-aligned battery company, Contemporary Amperex Technology, Co. Limited (CATL), raising serious concerns. In a letter to Ford Motor Company CEO Jim Farley, Chairman Mike Gallagher (R-WI) of the House Select Committee on the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman Jason Smith of the House Committee on Ways and Means reveal new information about the licensing agreement, CATL’s ties to forced labor, and Ford’s future reliance on Chinese technology, minerals, and employees.
In part, the lawmakers wrote, "Ford has argued that the deal will create thousands of American jobs, further Ford’s “commitments to sustainability and human rights,” and lead to American battery technology advancements. But newly discovered information raises serious questions about each claim. Specifically, information regarding the proposed partnership agreement between Ford and CATL suggests that a significant portion of these well-paying jobs will be given to citizens of the People’s Republic of China (PRC)—not Americans.
"Additionally, public financial disclosures and PRC media reporting suggest that shortly following the announcement of the partnership between Ford and CATL, CATL took steps to maintain effective control while appearing to divest its ownership stake in companies based in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang) that allegedly are connected to forced labor practices. This raises concerns about the troubling connection between CATL, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and forced labor in Xinjiang. Finally, there are reasons to question whether the structure of Ford’s deal will in fact contribute to the promised advancements in domestic battery technology."
In the letter, Gallagher and Smith requested:
- A copy of the licensing agreement between Ford and CATL—including all appendices—in both English and Chinese;
- All documents and communications between Ford and CATL referring or relating to the licensing agreement in the original language, i.e. not in translation; and
- All documents and communications between Ford and the Biden Administration referring or relating to the Ford/CATL licensing agreement and/or achievable tax credits.
TEXT OF LETTER
Dear Mr. Farley,
We are investigating the recently announced partnership between Ford Motor Company (Ford) and Contemporary Amperex Technology, Co. Limited (CATL). Ford has argued that the deal will create thousands of American jobs, further Ford’s “commitments to sustainability and human rights,” and lead to American battery technology advancements. But newly discovered information raises serious questions about each claim. Specifically, information regarding the proposed partnership agreement between Ford and CATL suggests that a significant portion of these well-paying jobs will be given to citizens of the People’s Republic of China (PRC)—not Americans. Additionally, public financial disclosures and PRC media reporting suggest that shortly following the announcement of the partnership between Ford and CATL, CATL took steps to maintain effective control while appearing to divest its ownership stake in companies based in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang) that allegedly are connected to forced labor practices. This raises concerns about the troubling connection between CATL, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and forced labor in Xinjiang. Finally, there are reasons to question whether the structure of Ford’s deal will in fact contribute to the promised advancements in domestic battery technology.
The Committee on Ways and Means sent you a letter on April 17, 2023 and your response to that letter did not provide the level of detail sought by the Committee. We write jointly today to seek information about the partnership agreement, Ford’s knowledge of CATL’s apparent attempt to shield its connection to Xinjiang-based companies, and Ford’s commitment to advance U.S. battery production.
Deal Structure and American Jobs
Ford claims that its proposed licensing agreement with CATL will create at least 2,500 jobs in the United States and “will be run by [Ford’s] people.” However, we have learned that several hundred of the 2,500 jobs will be given to CATL employees from the PRC who will be in charge of setting up and maintaining the equipment. Additionally, the licensing agreement between Ford and CATL will maintain PRC employees at the plant until approximately 2038. Indeed, although the executives of the proposed project will be US-based Ford employees, it appears that the project will rely on CATL employees from the PRC to maintain operations in the long term. As explained further below, the use of PRC-controlled battery technology in this multi-billion dollar project appears to be a deliberate choice by Ford.
CATL’s Potential Links to Forced Labor
Further, CATL’s ongoing relationship with a lithium mining company implicated in forced labor calls into question Ford’s commitment to responsible supply chains. The timeline of a divestment made by CATL and CATL’s deal with Ford, in combination with the fact that entities closely connected with CATL appear to have maintained ownership and control post-divestment, raises serious questions about whether CATL is attempting to obscure links to forced labor. Shortly following the February announcement of the Ford and CATL licensing agreement, CATL quietly divested a 23.6% ownership stake in Xinjiang Zhicun Lithium (Xinjiang Lithium). Within 48 hours, however, a majority stake (61.2%) of Xinjiang Lithium was purchased by a limited partnership (LP) managed by a former senior manager of CATL—Guan Chaoyu—with the financial support of CATL and one of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Indeed, CATL provided over one-third of the initial investment in the LP. During his time at CATL, Guan oversaw the company’s battery production, research and development, and supply chains. Publicly available information indicates that he remains heavily involved in other CATL subsidiaries and serves as director of at least two companies in which CATL has majority ownership.
Xinjiang Lithium—which aims to become the largest lithium carbonate producer in the world—is tied through wholly-owned subsidiaries and other relationships to companies that engage in state-sponsored labor transfer programs in the Xinjiang region. This includes a relationship with TBEA Co and its subsidiaries. The laborers in these programs are in many cases “transferred directly from camps to factories” and “subjected to constant surveillance.”
This apparent obfuscation of a continued link between CATL and Xinjiang Lithium raises serious ethical and legal concerns. According to the U.S. Department of State, Treasury, and Commerce, “businesses and individuals that do not exit supply chains, ventures, and/or investments connected to Xinjiang could run a high risk of violating U.S. law,” like the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act. In light of evidence regarding CATL’s continuing relationships with Xinjiang-based lithium producers, the proposed partnership with CATL suggests that Ford is not exiting supply chains, ventures, and/or investments connected to Xinjiang.
Licensing Agreement Loophole and Increasing Reliance on Chinese Critical Minerals
Finally, it is not clear that Ford’s licensing agreement will in fact contribute to the growth of the U.S. domestic battery sector and decrease our reliance on foreign countries of concern like the PRC, as many Democrats claimed the Inflation Reduction Act was intended to do. By entering into a licensing agreement instead of a traditional joint venture with PRC-based CATL, Ford can likely exploit the Section 30D clean vehicle credit aimed at reducing reliance on foreign technology and labor in the design and development of American electric vehicles. Rather than developing American technology, we are concerned that the deal could simply facilitate the partial onshoring of PRC-controlled battery technology, raw materials, and employees while collecting tax credits and flowing funds back to CATL through the licensing agreement. If Ford is using a licensing agreement to maximize benefits to itself or CATL at the expense of the U.S. taxpayer, this demonstrates a disregard for corporate responsibility as an American company. Such behavior raises serious questions as Conas Congress conducts oversight of the implementation of this and other federal tax incentives.
Ford claims it will leverage CATL’s technology to develop the capacity to produce lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries in the United States. Ford may have access to the production process as part of the licensing agreement. However, it has come to our attention that Ford may remain dependent on the PRC for critical battery inputs and components, like cathode active materials. If your company embraces this technology while outsourcing its own environmental stewardship to the PRC, Ford will maintain its reliance on PRC production of this critical input and continue to depend on China for raw materials.
Recent actions by the PRC government reiterate the danger of relying heavily on the PRC for supply chain inputs and should give pause to any company looking to expand such reliance. In June, reports indicated that European battery manufacturers were unable to source graphite from the PRC, causing “negative repercussions for battery production in Europe” according to the European Commission. On July 3, the PRC announced export restrictions on gallium, germanium, and several compounds containing these metals.16 Both instances raise serious concerns about the reliability of critical mineral supply chains that depend on the PRC. If Ford remains reliant on the PRC for inputs to produce LFP batteries, the company will be exposing itself and U.S. taxpayers to the whims of the Chinese Communist Party and its politics.
If Ford instead avoided iron sulfate from China and supported the development of homegrown process technologies and local sourcing strategies, it could play a central role in further developing the supply chain for North American sourced cathode active materials. Numerous U.S. automotive manufacturers have announced joint ventures with American allies and partners to manufacture batteries domestically. In addition, it appears that alternatives to CATL for LFP production similarly exist with partners in North America.
Request
We request the following documents and communications as soon as possible but no later than August 10, 2023:
- A copy of the licensing agreement between Ford and CATL—including all appendices— in both English and Chinese;
- All documents and communications exchanged between Ford and CATL referring or relating to the licensing agreement in the original language, i.e. not in translation; and
- All documents and communications between Ford and the Biden Administration referring or relating to the Ford/CATL licensing agreement and/or achievable tax credits.
Additionally, please respond to the following questions as soon as possible but no later than August 10, 2023:
- How many PRC nationals will be employed by BlueOval Battery Park Michigan? Under what visa class will these workers be entering the United States? What is their expected length of stay per visit and how many visas are expected to be requested for PRC nationals?
- We understand that a Ford wholly-owned subsidiary will be responsible for sourcing precursor cathode active materials and cathode active materials for the BlueOval Battery Park Michigan. Will CATL or its subsidiaries be the primary source of precursor cathode active materials and cathode active materials? What percentage of those materials will be sourced from the PRC?
- Does Ford expect CATL to import any other components from the PRC to produce LFP batteries in Michigan? Please provide the expected quantity of imports from the PRC and identify any components for which the PRC is expected to be the sole source of supply.
- To what extent will Ford’s wholly-owned subsidiary source iron phosphate derived from byproducts of titanium dioxide production using a sulfate process? What percentage of iron phosphate will be sourced from the PRC?
- What measures does Ford have in place to ensure CATL remains a sound commercial partner, considering the company's founder and chairman is principally focused on national rejuvenation and advancement of the CCP's automotive priorities?
- With the recent updates to the PRC Counter-Espionage Law, raids of foreign audit and due diligence companies, and new limits on PRC supply chain due diligence, how will Ford ensure imports from CATL to produce LFP batteries in Michigan are free of forced labor or inputs from Xinjiang?
